Important Models of Justices' Behaviour at the Supreme Court Research Paper

Important Models of Justices' Behaviour at the Supreme Court - Research Paper Example There are three models that are mostly displayed by the justices and the judges of the Supreme Court when deciding cases in the supreme courts. These are strategic, attitudinal and the legal orientations. Strategic behaviour refers to the justices’ actions to maximize their overall benefits in light of their expectations concerning their choices of other actors involved in the decision making process. Others are legal and the attitudinal models that aid explain the legal verdict arrived by the justices at the supreme courts Though the attitudinal models of justice behaviour was initially establish in the US, students and other legal practitioner have found the strategic models of behaviour alluring. This dissent of behaviour focuses on the interpedently nature of judges and justices’ behaviour in their decision making, which does not shun the policy preferences of the justices’ .This a strategic begins with assumption that justices are motivated by their policy p references, but further acknowledges that realization of those preferences is a function of other relevant actors. As notes by (Epstein and Knight) Justices may be primarily seekers of legal policy, but they are not unconstrained actors who make decisions based only on their own ideological attitudes. Rather, justices are strategic actors who realize their ability to achieve their goals depends on a consideration of the preferences of other actors, the choices they expect others to make, and the institutional context in which they act. (10). This implies that whole a justice acting on the basis of his attitudes, another justices acting on the same preferences may be expected to behave differently based on strategic considerations. For instance, for justice behaviour‘s preferences mat depend on the other justice and judges reactions and opinions (08-956 wood v. Allen. (01/20/10) Recent literature provides that strategic concerns of behaviour go beyond attitudinal as they tend t o explain further other reasons that attitudinal approach may not offer.(Wood v. Allen, Wood v, state and Alabama, US, 1998) In recent findings, attitudinal concerns have challenged by judges who tend to adopt strategic orientation towards and it was evidenced in a variety of contexts. First, when setting their agendas (Rice v. Collins, 546 US 333,339), second, when writing majority opinions (Wood v. State, 715 819 (1998)) and lastly issuing separate opinions, even on the same case(s) (Williams v. Taylor, 529 US 362,462). Several studies undertaken by Brace and Hall at the aggregate (Brace and Hall; Hall and Brace, 147-162) and individuals (Brace and Hall; Hall and Brace) provides explanations on the dissenting behaviour. They note that when making judicial decisions, justices and judges decide not to follow their ideological differences in certain circumstances in anticipation of decisions by exogenous factors such as electoral constituency, in order to keep job . Other evidence th at pursue a strategic line of inquiry as is vital in the decision making process. This is because the strategic models of supreme court justices takes into account other factors more

The question of love in Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

The question of love in Romeo and Juliet Essay The theme of love is evidently explored with Shakespeares play of Romeo and Juliet, using his abilities, the author manages to introduce many obstacles or other influencing elements that has a great impact on the development of love between the two young lovers. There are two basic levels in the play, the behaviour of society within Verona and the private, love orientated interaction between Romeo and Juliet. The social culture of Verona has stood as an uncontrollable influence upon the relationship of Romeo and Juliet, especially concerning the feud between the two families of the Capulets and the Montagues. The existence of this feud is not the immediate reason for the destruction of the lovers, yet it is one of many characteristics within the plot that together is considered an influence that hindered the relationship. Increasing the scale of this elements impact on the relationship, is the fact that it doesnt simply involve the two immediate families as even the servants take part in the feud, clearly proven within the first scene. The conflict appears to be one that is inflicted upon the whole public of Verona as represented by an unnecessary quarrel between the servants of the households within the first scene. This scenes constant references and implications of physical action and the actual deed being undertaken show the unprompted and impetuous behaviour of the people. GREGORY: The quarrel is between our masters and us their men SAMPSON: Tis all one (Act I, Scene I) Their world of hate and inexplicable grudges introduces the high level of intolerance and ignorance of the destructive society of Verona to the audience at the beginning of the play, aiding hindrance to the relationship between the star-crossd lovers. However, once the play has initiated, the speed of the action accelerates further and further, thus the people behaving more unreasonable and with further impulsiveness. It is this factor that increases the impact of the occurrence in the plot, therefore emphasizing their impacts on Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare has also involved a love triangle, between Romeo and Juliet. As he involves a wealthy prince named Paris, whom is arranged, by her parents, to marry Juliet despite her devoted feelings to Romeo. However, Paris appears as a wooer to Juliet and not an emotional and individual lover, and Shakespeare clearly shows this within the initial two lines of Paris, that he is not a lover as true as Romeo of honourable reckoning are you both. Despite these obvious obstacles that Shakespeare has emphasized before introducing the lovers to the audience, love is still found between the two. Within act one, scene five, the language and form of the dialogue shared between the two supposed enemies changes, and becomes poetic and flattering, showing that their private interactions are totally different from the public life. Romeo and Juliets first conversation is composed of a sonnet. Shakespeare has successfully managed to use this poetic approach to explore matters beyond a dramatic performance and involve the audience emotionally, enabling them to imagine themselves as the recipients of the poem. The language used additionally creates an intimate perspective of love between them. When Romeo first sees Juliet, his plans are of a physical nature, Ill watch her place of stand/ And, touching hers, make blessed my rude hand (Act I, Scene IV). The acting of touching Juliets hand is a linguistic representation of touch, a tactile sign. Further emphasized within the pilgrim sonnet, using a semantic use of words, attention is brought to reference of touch once again Thus from my lips, by yours, my sin is prugd. The use of a formal convention of a sonnet and the emphasis of contact and physical intimacy create a new atmosphere. The next time the lovers meet is on Juliets balcony, where Romeo has trespassed on Capulet ground potentially causing a lot of danger, of which is Juliet is highly aware of If they do see thee, they will murder thee (Act II, Scene II). Romeo attempts to console Juliets fears through declaration of their being stronger than the physical power of Capulets kinsmen there lies more peril in thine eye than twenty of there swords. Romeo tries to prove his love to Juliet by using a vow, again a conventional form of speech, yet Juliet immediately interrupt him and explains that no any convention but his gracious self can guarantee his true love. Romeos use of conventional language to Juliet arouses skepticism in the audience is this really true love, or just a sign of immaturity? JULIET: O swear not by the moon, thinconstant moon, That monthly changes in her orb, Lest that thy love prove likewise variable (Act II, Scene II) Romeo and Juliets characters are quite contradictive. Romeo, a more experienced lover, so overwhelmed with supposed love yet shows passivity and immaturity; though Juliet, completely inexperienced with love, behaves more skillfully and cautiously constantly aware of the danger that accompanies their love. This simple contradiction may possibly have stood as a hindrance to the development of love. Additionally within this scene, one must realize that Romeo displays his ignorance of the situation and fails to consider such as part of reality with loves light wings did I oerperach these walls. Romeos inability to distinguish reality from that of a surrealist perspective corresponds to the contrast between night and day. The time of day influences the relationship greatly, as I believe both Romeo and Juliet recognize. During the day while light is still shone upon the grounds, the feelings are running high, but night is possibly considered the time of calmness and ease, where love may take place. After the fateful quarrel occurring in act three, scene one, Juliet longs for the night, possibly relating such a time of day to satisfaction of feelings, especially in terms of Romeo Come night come Romeo come thou day in night (Act III, Scene II). I believe this is further emphasized after realizing that the lovers last meeting was the wedding-night before Romeo was exiled; their parting shows that to them, day is a foe to their love acting as a significant hindrance to the development of their love. JULIET: O now be gone, more light and light it grows ROMEO: More light and light: more dark and dark our woes (Act III, Scene V) Another addition to nights seemingly appearance to uphold peace and love, acting as obstacle of relationships development, is Romeos brief display of skepticism. As previously stated Romeos inability to distinguish reality from that of a surrealist perspective corresponds to the contrast between night and day as explained in the previous paragraph, as he feels that his love to Juliet is isolated away from ordinary life I am afeard, being in night, all this is but a dream. The use of language through the poetical conventions and the action of the first half of the play, clearly show that the plot rides upon two contrary levels. The concept of love is again questioned, if there is a love concept within this play surely it represents a rival idea to the ordinary aristocratic life of Verona, thus making the concept of love plainly a rival to the real world. Yet confusion is introduced when thinking that the intimate interaction and representation of love between Romeo and Juliet, seemingly being the rival of the real world, actually occurs within this real world. The two supposed rivals of love and society regularly alternate and this happens without a change of place. Thus the two rivals of love and society remain incompatible with exception of being unified in the individuals Romeo and Juliet and in time and place of setting but is their really a unification within Romeo and Juliet? I dont believe these two rivalling themes of love and society can neither coexist or be unified as they are incompatible, nonetheless can not be separated as they take place in one physical world. Therefore, if both levels are absolutely incompatible, a solution must be inevitable hence the tragic death of the star crossd lovers. Yet their deaths may have been this seemingly inevitable solution, as Romeo realizes after hearing of Juliets apparent death that the real world does not provide any room for the realization of their love. Therefore death is regarded the only place of reconciliation and it was in all ways. I dont think Shakespeare wished to provide a didactic message to the audience, yet wished to show how the conflict between love and society lead to Romeo and Juliets death. I believe the point of the play was not how love arose out of hatred and then triumph over it in death, but that it does. The plot shows that society and death are powers or forces that influenced the lives of Romeo and Juliet. Love was the basis upon the significant decisions made within the play; therefore power of love additionally belongs to these forces. In terms of the two rivalling themes, society regarded their love as a failure; yet the lovers defiance of society proved to be a great success in terms of the power of love.

Overview of Flight of the Iguana by David Quammen :: essays research papers

Chapter Analysis- Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This chapter, or in this case the introduction, is exactly what it is labeled as; an introduction. The main ideas of this introduction are more or less used to explain the goals of this book and also used to familiarize the reader with what is to come. Throughout the introduction, the author, David Quammen refers to a wide variety of unique and unheard of organisms that exist in nature. Not only do these organisms sound weird, but many often behave in unordinary ways. The okapi, the Xylocaris, the chambered nautilus, and the plant that eats frogs are just examples of the many different organisms Quammen talks about. The reason for Quammen’s use of such organisms is not to scare readers away from nature, but to actually lure them in. The main idea of Quammen’s whole introduction is basically to show readers that nature is not a freak show, but to show simply nature itself. At first this whole idea may seem a little cloudy and vague, but as you read on , one will start to understand what Quammen is really striving for. Quammen uses animals and plants as examples to show the very intricacies of nature and the natural world. One example that he uses that has helped my understanding of this idea was the black widow spider. Quammen tells us of his strong fear of spiders and he goes on telling us how the black widow is very poisonous and menacing, yet possesses an undeniable beauty. He also states the black widow as being dangerous but not malicious, and gorgeous or hideous depending upon how we see it. Quammen’s point is that no matter how you see the spider, it is still part of nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adding to this idea that nature and all of its ugliness and abnormalities is still in fact nature, Quammen goes on further by addressing the human attitude towards nature’s intricacies. By this, Quammen refers to the human attitude towards nature as a whole based solely upon his/her opinion of one organism. As textual evidence for this idea, the example of the spider can be used again. Most people associate the black widow as being venomous and deadly, and so they unfairly associate the same characteristics with harmless beneficial house and garden spiders as well. This attitude toward the spiders can also be applied to nature as a whole. Since humans posses this attitude towards nature, a lot of nature’s beauty is often overlooked.

Nike: a Multinational Company in China

Nike: A Multinational Company in China Nike is one of the largest athletic shoe brands in the world and sells millions of shoes and clothing each year. The company was founded on January 25, 1964 by a University of Oregon track athlete Philip Knight and his coach Bill Bowermanas. It was first named Blue Ribbon Sports and it officially became Nike, Inc. on May 30, 1978 (Nike). As a multinational company, it operates retail stores domestically and overseas and all of the products it sells are manufactured by independent contractors located predominantly in foreign countries.Nike first entered the international market through China overcoming the many challenges it faced while trying to do business with them. Nike has no involvement in the manufacturing of its products and all of its production has been outsourced, mainly to manufacturers based in low-wage countries. In 1980, Nike created its first joint-venture with the People's Republic of China (Nike Inc. ). It entered into the emerg ing economy just after the country rose from the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution.In James Austin’s case study of Nike in China, he described Nike’s entry strategy into China to be very difficult and found the Chinese government almost impenetrable to do business with. To gain entrance into the tough country Nike hired David Ping-Ching Chang, who was originally from China, as a consultant to help arrange a deal between them (Austin 34). Chang had the experience and knew the language and customs that it would take to create a successful agreement. The first thing they set out to do was write a proposal to the Chinese government outlining their objectives and the advantages their joint venture would bring to China.Chang was familiar with how the Chinese performed business transactions and used that as an advantage to get their foot in China’s tightly closed door. The Chinese are relationship-orientated and to them a transaction is not only business. After writin g a very well written proposal translated in Chinese stating how Nike was committed to long-term business with China, they received an invitation to start negotiations. Major problems arose between the two when China demanded for more control, pricing, and rights to each factory (Austin 35).The Chinese felt that Nike was trying to take advantage of them when Nike would not allow them such control. The Chinese became was very close to ending any negotiations they had agreed upon but luckily settled on an agreement. Nike’s primary objective was to â€Å"establish the means by which they would buy a finished shoe product from the People's Republic of China,† as written in their submitted business proposal (Austin 29). Some of Nike’s other aims Austin describes in his case study were a target goal of 100,000 pair of shoes per month in the first phase and growth to 1,000,000 pair per month.Five months after their initial offer, a contract was signed and shoe producti on began by October 1981. Nike’s joint venture with China promised lower costs because of their cheap labor and high production. However, by 1984 production had only reached about 150,000 pairs per month instead of the 1,000,000 they had previously agreed on. During the 1990’s, another problem Nike faced during its joint-venture in China was the bad working conditions and low wages at their factories.Nike was accused of profiting from sweatshop labor that included child labor, physical abuse from factory managers and exposure to dangerous chemicals. They originally denied claims against them; however, in an article published by AllBusiness online in 2001, Nike director Todd McKean stated that since â€Å"Nike does not own the factories in China, we don’t control what goes on there. † This brought a major uproar in the media and along with it came campaigns of human rights groups who would endorse only companies who use â€Å"sweat-free† labor.Accor ding to Business Week Magazine, when Nike began to see protests from factory workers they decided to finally make a change and monitor working conditions in factories that produce their products. They hired independent auditors to make sure subcontractors used by the company follow Nike’s code of conduct (Hill 152). Although Nike faced many challenges with their joint-venture, China gained some advantages with doing business with Nike. Nike donated equipment to schools and paid them to open up after-school sport teams for children.In 1995, Nike sponsored all the Chinese pro-basketball league teams and provided uniforms and shoes for them. Another benefit China received was the outsourcing of jobs into their country (Sports). Granting, the sweatshops were an enormous mistake that Nike should have never let occur, they have corrected the problem and it has produced over 500,000 jobs in China alone. Nike is now working with the Xiaochen Hotline Program in China to provide traini ng on their labor laws and to improve worker’s accessibility to the hotline (Dutton).Nike is a good example of a multinational company that faced major challenges entering the emerging economy of China in 1980. Nike was confronted with problems while negotiating business with China and also during the actual manufacturing in their facilities. Even with such problems there came advantages to both countries; China acquired many jobs and Nike experienced lower costs that lead to higher sales. Nike and China have turned out to be a successful joint-venture and should continue to advance if both take into consideration each other’s needs.

Meaningful Color

Meaningful color. Colors and symbols have been having shamanistic power since human accepted them, so colors and symbols have been utilized by symbolizing something with the visual effects. Here are some interesting examples. There are some flowers that are taboo each country. In France, mostly carnation is not a present for someone but carnation is a flower of celebration for the â€Å"Parent's Day† in South Korea. Also, lily meaning is death in the United States and a white chrysanthemum is same meaning with lily in South Korea. Meaning of the color is different in each country.China believes that red is very lucky color but red is the color of blood and die in South Korea. Korean thinks that if your name is written by Red-pen, you would be died. In the past, people also used a red line to erase for the name of a person who died. Sometimes In really close friends make a prank such as write friend’s name in red, means â€Å"I hate you†. Of course, red is a happy color that represents the Christmas and Valentine's Day, but we do not use red color for name. In addition, the white has a dual symbolism. Regardless of the East and the West, the white means clean and pure, it is the main color of the wedding dress of bride.On the other hand, white is the color of death. We dedicate white flowers the memorial or funeral. There are many different type of flower in each country but it is all white flowers. White lily flower in America, the white chrysanthemum in Korea, Japan is a white carnation. Especially, in the traditional funeral in Korea, Chief mourners do that in the case of women put a white ribbon as a hairpin and man attach white ribbon to the chest as a brooch during 49 days after funeral. They believe that 49 days elapsed, souls completely away from worldly life.Korean funeral would be imagined if Korean look at the white ribbon hairpin. In this way, the meaning of colors and symbols on the difference tradition, culture and customs, the feeling is different in each country. When we will be in contact with foreign cultures, it will be matter. Furthermore you need to know to design, especially on the world stage. I suggest that people to have kinds of funny manners rather than superstition also I think that it is handled a little carefully as international manners, there will be a major role to understand the other countries.

How to Style Names of Food

How to Style Names of Food How to Style Names of Food How to Style Names of Food By Mark Nichol When it comes to names of comestibles and beverages, whether to capitalize proper names that are part of their names can give one indigestion. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary tends to uppercase such terms though it often (but not always) advises that capitalization is not necessary but The Chicago Manual of Style recommends lowercase forms. The Associated Press Style Book, the guide of record for newspapers and many magazines, tends to vary more arbitrarily in its guidelines. Here’s some food for thought: Merriam-Webster’s capitalizes names of cheeses derived from geographical locations Brie, Cheddar, Stilton, Swiss but they can safely be lowercased without confusion, which is what The Chicago Manual of Style recommends. Several names for types of meat frankfurter, hamburger, and wiener derive from place names, but notice that they’re all lowercase. France, once the epicurean center of the world, has inspired much nomenclature about food French bean and French bread, just to name two but the adjective in â€Å"french fries† refers to the type of cut, so it’s generally not capitalized. Scotch is not necessarily capitalized when it refers to whiskey, but it is uppercased in â€Å"Scotch broth† and â€Å"Scotch egg.† Bourbon is not capitalized. Names of cocktails are often uppercased â€Å"Bloody Mary,† â€Å"Harvey Wallbanger† especially, as with these examples, if they’re named after people (but note margarita). But alcoholic drinks named after locations (daiquiri, manhattan) aren’t capitalized, except for â€Å"Irish coffee.† One particularly difficult area is names of foods from other countries. Because the names are transliterated and may come to English through more than one middleman language, more than one spelling may enter the language. When in doubt, remain loyal to one style guide or a periodical about cooking. If a term has not yet been included or mentioned, search for it online with various spellings and see how authoritative Web sites treat it. What about menu items? On an actual restaurant menu, it’s acceptable to capitalize names of dishes, because they are the equivalent of headings on that type of document, but names of ingredients in a descriptive passage below the item name should not be capitalized unless they already deserve that distinction. However, in text, words used to describe something served at a restaurant should be lowercase unless they’re place names (â€Å"Peking duck†), brand names (â€Å"chicken-’n’-Cheetos), or house concoctions (â€Å"Sous-Chef Sammy’s Lava Soup†). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. HadDo you "orient" yourself, or "orientate" yourself?50+ Words That Describe Animals (Including Humans)

Free Essays on Communication Results

Group Analysis Paper For the past eight weeks I have worked closely with a group of five other people with the sole intent of being able to experience what it was like working in a group and being able to analyze the work being done and how it was accomplished. For the most part I would like to say that it was a positive experience, but at the same time it was a very difficult thing to accomplish. I would like to start by discussing the different personality types within the group. The group was made up of six people and out of the six, five were SJs (Kelly, Kristin, Nakun, Nat, and Rafae) and only one was a NF (Corinne). The SJs very much followed the â€Å"Guardian† example by assigning tasks and having them completed and done on time. While in the meantime, the NF/ â€Å"Idealist† was great for coming up with ideas, but very poor on implementing and completing the things that needed to be done. This made things very frustrating and hard to deal with especially when it was time to complete our project and everything needed to be in. Corinne was still coming up with ideas for our project in the seventh week of it. We finally had to tell her that the ideas were great but there was no time to expand the project further and we needed to work on just what we had because of the time limit. Many of the tasks assigned to Corinne were not completed until we forced her to complete them. A lot of her responsibilities were taken over by other group members because of her lack of completion. This was very frustrating to the group because it was putting us behind schedule. She kept telling us that the marketing things were â€Å"in her head,† but she would never show us anything written or completed. Finally, we figured out that anything she said we should write down and do it ourselves. I found it simply amazing that we each lived up to our personality types and how the group benefited from taking what we knew and developed our s... Free Essays on Communication Results Free Essays on Communication Results Group Analysis Paper For the past eight weeks I have worked closely with a group of five other people with the sole intent of being able to experience what it was like working in a group and being able to analyze the work being done and how it was accomplished. For the most part I would like to say that it was a positive experience, but at the same time it was a very difficult thing to accomplish. I would like to start by discussing the different personality types within the group. The group was made up of six people and out of the six, five were SJs (Kelly, Kristin, Nakun, Nat, and Rafae) and only one was a NF (Corinne). The SJs very much followed the â€Å"Guardian† example by assigning tasks and having them completed and done on time. While in the meantime, the NF/ â€Å"Idealist† was great for coming up with ideas, but very poor on implementing and completing the things that needed to be done. This made things very frustrating and hard to deal with especially when it was time to complete our project and everything needed to be in. Corinne was still coming up with ideas for our project in the seventh week of it. We finally had to tell her that the ideas were great but there was no time to expand the project further and we needed to work on just what we had because of the time limit. Many of the tasks assigned to Corinne were not completed until we forced her to complete them. A lot of her responsibilities were taken over by other group members because of her lack of completion. This was very frustrating to the group because it was putting us behind schedule. She kept telling us that the marketing things were â€Å"in her head,† but she would never show us anything written or completed. Finally, we figured out that anything she said we should write down and do it ourselves. I found it simply amazing that we each lived up to our personality types and how the group benefited from taking what we knew and developed our s...

Donald Trumps Ancestry

Donald Trumps Ancestry Donald Trumps family tree shows that he, like many Americans, had a parent who was an immigrant. Trump was born in New York City, the city where his Scottish mother met and married his father, himself the child  of immigrants from Germany.   Donald Trump was the fourth of five children born to Frederick Christ and Mary MacLeod Trump. The future president was born in the borough of Queens in New York City on June 14, 1946. He learned the real-estate business from his father, who took over the family construction business at the age of 13 when Fredericks father (Donalds grandfather) died in the influenza epidemic of 1918. Friederich  Trump, Donald Trumps grandfather, immigrated from Germany in 1885. Like his future grandson, Friederich Trump was an entrepreneur. Before settling in New York City and starting his family, he sought his fortune during the Klondike Gold Rush  in the late 1890s, where for a time he operated the Arctic Restaurant and Hotel in Bennett, British Columbia.   The following Trump family tree  was compiled using the  ahnentafel genealogical numbering system. First Generation 1. Donald John Trump  was born on June 14, 1946, in New York City.   Donald John Trump and Ivana Zelnickova Winklmayr were married on April 7, 1977, in New York City.  They divorced on March 22, 1992. They had the following children: Donald Trump Jr. was born on December 31, 1977, in New York City. He is married to Vanessa Kay Haydon. They have five children: Chloe Sophia Trump, Kai Madison Trump, Tristan Milos Trump, Donald Trump III, and Spencer Frederick Trump.Ivanka Trump was born on October 30, 1981, in New York City.  She is married to Jared Corey Kushner, with whom she has three children: Arabella Rose Kushner, Joseph Frederick Kushner, and Theodore James Kushner.Eric Trump was born on January 6, 1984, in New York City. He is married to Lara Lea Yunaska. Donald Trump and Marla Maples were married on December 20, 1993, in New York City. They divorced on June 8, 1999. They had one child: Tiffany Trump was born on October 13, 1993, in West Palm Beach, Florida. Donald Trump married  Melania Knauss (born Melanija Knavs) on January 22, 2005, in Palm Beach, Florida. They have one child: Barron William Trump was born on March 20, 2006, in New York City. Second Generation (Parents) 2. Frederick Christ (Fred) Trump was born on October 11, 1905, in New York City.  He died on June 25, 1999, in New Hyde Park, New York. 3. Mary Anne MacLeod was born on May 10, 1912, in Isle of Lewis, Scotland.  She died on August 7, 2000, in New Hyde Park, New York. Fred Trump and Mary MacLeod were married in January 1936 in New York City.  They had the following children: i. Mary Anne Trump was born on April 5, 1937, in New York City. ii. Fred Trump Jr. was born in 1938 in New York City and died in 1981. iii. Elizabeth Trump was born in 1942 in New York City. 1. iv. Donald John Trump v. Robert Trump was born in August 1948 in New York City. Third Generation (Grandparents) 4. Friederich (Fred) Trump was born on March 14, 1869, in Kallstadt, Germany.  He immigrated in 1885 to the United States from Hamburg, Germany, aboard the ship Eider and became a United States citizen in 1892 in Seattle.  He died on March 30, 1918, in New York City. 5. Elizabeth Christ  was born on October 10, 1880, in Kallstadt, Germany, and died on June 6, 1966, in New York City. Fred Trump and Elizabeth Christ were married on August 26, 1902, in Kallstadt, Germany. Fred and Elizabeth had the following children: i. Elizabeth (Betty) Trump  was born on April 30, 1904, in New York City  and died on December 3, 1961, in New York City. 2 ii. Frederick Christ (Fred) Trump iii. John George Trump  was born on August 21, 1907, in New York City and died on February 21, 1985, in Boston. 6.  Malcolm MacLeod  was born December 27, 1866, in Stornoway, Scotland, to two MacLeods, Alexander and Anne. He was a fisherman and crofter and also served as the compulsory officer in charge of enforcing attendance at the local school from 1919. He  died on June 22, 1954, in Tong, Scotland. 7.  Mary Smith  was born on July 11, 1867, in Tong, Scotland, to Donald Smith and Henrietta McSwane. Her father died when she was just a little over a year old, and she and her three siblings were raised by their mother. Mary died December 27, 1963. Malcolm MacLeod and Mary Smith were married in the Back  Free Church of Scotland  just a few miles  from Stornoway, the only town on the Isle of Lewis in Scotland. Their marriage was witnessed by Murdo MacLeod and Peter Smith.   Malcolm and Mary had the following children: i. Malcolm M. MacLeod Jr. was born September 23, 1891, in Tong, Scotland, and died Jan. 20, 1983, on Lopez Island, Washington. ii. Donald MacLeod was born about 1894. iii.  Christina MacLeod was born about 1896. iv. Katie Ann MacLeod was born about 1898. v. William MacLeod was born about 1898. vi. Annie MacLeod was born about 1900. vii. Catherine MacLeod was born about 1901. viii. Mary Johann MacLeod was born about 1905. ix. Alexander MacLeod was born about 1909. 3. x. Mary Anne MacLeod Fourth Generation (Great-Grandparents) 8.  Christian Johannes Trump was born in June 1829 in Kallstadt, Germany, and died July 6, 1877, in Kallstadt. 9.  Katherina Kober  was born about 1836 in Kallstadt, Germany, and died in November 1922 in Kallstadt. Christian Johannes Trump and Katherina Kober were married on September 29, 1859, in Kallstadt, Germany. They had the following child: 4.  i.  Friederich (Fred) Trump 10.  Christian Christ,  birth date unknown 11.  Anna Maria Rathon, birth date unknown Christ Christ and Anna Maria Rathon were married. They had the following child: 5.  i.  Elizabeth Christ 12.  Alexander MacLeod, a crofter and fisherman,  was born May 10, 1830, in Stornoway, Scotland, to William MacLeod and Christian MacLeod. He died in Tong, Scotland, on January 12, 1900. 13.  Anne MacLeod  was born about 1833 in Tong, Scotland. Alexander MacLeod and Anne MacLeod were married at Tong December 3, 1853. They had the following children: i. Catherine MacLeod was born about 1856. ii. Jessie MacLeod was born about 1857. iii. Alexander MacLeod was born about 1859. iv. Ann MacLeod was born about 1865. 6.  v.  Malcolm MacLeod vi. Donald MacLeod was born June 11, 1869. vii. William MacLeod was born January 21, 1874. 14.  Donald Smith was born January 1, 1835, to Duncan Smith and Henrietta MacSwane, the second of their nine children. He was a woolen weaver and cottar (peasant farmer). Donald died on October 26, 1868,  off the coast Broadbay, Scotland, when a squall of wind overturned his boat.   15.  Mary Macauley  was born about 1841 in Barvas, Scotland. Donald Smith and Mary Macauley were married on December 16, 1858, in Garrabost on the Isle of Lewis, Scotland.  They had the following children: i. Ann Smith was born November 8, 1859, in Stornoway, Scotland. ii. John Smith was born December 31, 1861, in Stornoway. iii. Duncan Smith was born September 2, 1864, in Stornoway and died October 29, 1937, in Seattle. 7.  iv.  Mary Smith

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Final Exam - Essay Example In Spain, it highlighted on the controversy over the alleged elitism of Revolt and the French did not welcome Ortega’s reasoning or philosophical views. The public accepted the work of Ortega because of numerous reasons. It highlighted on the masses that were disadvantaged in the society and seemed to look for solutions to the problems caused by the European integration. Ortega’s meaning and Characteristics of the â€Å"Europe masses† Ortega y Gasset talks of â€Å"Europe masses† after assessing the social order that most people live without noticing. In the wake of globalization and diversity in numerous areas, Ortega believes that the European elite that are creating problems to other unfortunate individuals in the society. When he refers to â€Å"masses,† Ortega highlights on the political and the social crisis of Europe. In general, he talks of the general Western civilization. In this process, Ortega focuses on revealing the root causes of this crisis that the Western civilization brings to the social systems in the society. Ortega refers to â€Å"masses† and ponders concerning who should rule the human society (Ortega y Gasset 34). The mass man Ortega refers to is the ordinary or the average person who accepts himself as he is and is unwilling to place demands on himself. The masses also consider themselves equal of others and have had immense effect on the intellectual fiber of the society. Ortega believes that the emergence of â€Å"European masses† and technological advancement had stripped away Man’s bottom illusions, at enormous rate. The masses take control of the government and change the manner in which people should be governed. Concerning the characteristics of the masses, Ortega admits that it is normal to have minority in power but there are problems associated with such a leadership. To some extent, it is a good move; however, it makes nations suffer as people are affected by the rebelli on of other masses. Rebellious is one characteristic of the masses. Most importantly, masses believe in political life where one questions the other parties’ economic, moral, religious and intellectual, which are collective habits of people. The characteristic of the masses is based on the commonplace mind that understands itself as a commonplace. This mind claims to have the authority of exercising their rights and is capable of imposing them wherever it will. According to a say in the U.S. that, â€Å"to be different is to be indecent.† Ortega portrays the mass as a tool that crushes anything that is beneath it. Some of the things that the mass crushes include individuals, excellent things, qualified and select. It assumes that people should have different characteristics, but ensure that they accommodate others (Ortega y Gasset 64). This is why they say that anybody who is not like everybody risks being eliminated because they do not belong to the same mass. Ortegaà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Perspective of the proper â€Å"Minorities† Ortega’s Revolt highlights on the significance of having proper minorities and the masses in Europe. He argues through mature thoughts regarding the respective roles of minorities and masses in Western society. His diagnosis culminates in this work and he continues to ensure that he promotes the well-being of the European society. His efforts aim at working towards eliminating the imbalance between masses and minorities. This is because the masses take over the society and fail to

Management accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Management accounting - Essay Example Material L10 had a favorable usage variance because the materials used were of higher quality than standard, more effective use of material or there were errors in allocating material to jobs. On the other hand, material L17 had an adverse usage variance because of using defective material, excessive waste, or stricter quality control. The labour rate recorded a favorable variance due to use of workers at a rate of pay that was lower than the standard. Labour efficiency variance was adverse because maybe there was lost time in excess of standard allowed or output was lower than standard set due to lack of training and sub-standard materials. The adverse variable overhead expenditure could have been caused by increase in cost of services or excessive use of services. Variable overhead volume variance was adverse due to the production or the level of activity, labour hours, being less than the budgeted. On the other hand, the adverse fixed overhead expenditure could be caused by the same factors that led to an adverse variable overhead expenditure. This is because of the fact that both fixed and variable overheads were being allocated using the same basis, labour hours. In addition, the production or the level of activity being less than the budgeted can explain the adverse fixed overhead capacity. ABC involves identification of elements, causing the costs of a business’s major activities (Clinton, 2004). Overheads incurred are charged to units based on their cost drivers causing the overheads. The ideas behind ABC are: Both traditional absorption costing and activity base costing systems adopt the two-stage allocation process. However, in allocation of overheads ABC establishes separate pools for support activities such as dispatching (Gunther, 2005). As costs of activities are assigned directly to products through cost driver rates, reapportionment of services department costs is

The Effects of Technology On The Accounting Profession Essay

The Effects of Technology On The Accounting Profession - Essay Example Another useful technology is the automated manufacturing computer. With this form of technology, PCs gather and report data at the same time. The result is an operational data framework that completely incorporates producing with advertising and accounting information, expanding both the quality and timelessness of data (Warren, 1998). This definite data has been of importance in accounting, permitting the accountants to create action based costing frameworks. These new costing frameworks permit accountants to assign overhead more productively. These frameworks can likewise recognize non-value added expenses giving cost accountants a chance to change them to value added expenses (Warren, 1998).Another innovation that is having an incredible impact on the accountant profession is Wi-Fi innovation. Presently, accountants can be on the inverse sides of the nation and deal with the same issues without either being on same location due to the advances of Wi-Fi innovation. Accountants can transfer data and reports from anyplace in the country regardless of the length. Types of Software Used To Improve the Accounting ProcessesEnterprise Resource Planning (ERP) SystemsThis is software that incorporates distinctive divisions in the association into the same framework. This makes information accessible differently and backings exercises between the distinctive divisions. The data is made accessible through a typical focal database and imparted through practical ranges, for example (Laudon & Laudon,   2006).

Econometric analysis project Statistics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Econometric analysis - Statistics Project Example In this project we consider a time series data to analyze the whether the effect of capital punishment on homicide rate. Time series analysis is a form of statistical data analysis on a series of sequential data points that are usually measured at uniform time intervals over a period of time. A time series can be said to collection of data with the interval between and being fixed and constant. Time series analysis is the estimation of difference equations containing stochastic (error) terms (Enders 2010). Time series forecasting takes the analysis from the time series data and tries to predict what the data may be in the near future, based on what it has been in the past. But because there are many factors influencing the fluctuation of the homicide, creating an accurate forecast based on the analysis alone is difficult. Therefore, many approaches and models have to be developed in order to utilize the time series analysis and provide an accurate prediction of what is to come in the future. The purpose of this report is to apply the statistical techniques to understand the relationship, if any exists, between capital punishment and homicide rate. There is a strong correlation between the homicide rate and death penalty number (number under capital punishment); from the table generated below on the correlations, the correlation coefficient = 0.9406* implying a strong positive correlation between the homicide rate and death penalty number. To explain the concept of the correlation further, a scatter plot representing the homicide rate and number of people under death penalty in a given year is plotted and from the pattern of the graph, it can easily be seen that there is a strong positive correlation/relationship between homicide rate and number of people under death penalty. For instance, for any unit increase in homicide rate there is a subsequent increase in the number of people under death penalty likewise for any unit

Communication and Patient Safety Research Design Paper

Communication and Patient Safety Design - Research Paper Example The paper "Communication and Patient Safety Research Design" looks at how samples can be taken without any discrimination. The paper discusses various ways to collect and analyze data before coming up with a strong conclusion based on the research findings and results. The conclusion of this paper is very important to nurses and caregivers as they realize the importance of effective communication in the healthcare facility. Effective communication is vital to the safety of every patient and every nurse is aware of that. For a patient to have a positive outcome, nurses are expected to understand their problems and to effectively communicate with them, noting critical areas that mostly affect the patient. With communication, the nurse is able to identify problems and come up with various ways to solve the problems that the patient might have. It is, however, a common scenario to find that nurses do not provide effective communication to patients and, as a result, cause complications. M ost nurses believe that there is no mathematical proof to evidence that effective communication is vital to positive patient safety and as a result, end up ignoring this very important concept of communication. This paper critically analyzes a sample population of patients to come up with a statistical proof that effective communication is vital to a positive safety outcome from the patient. Is there a mathematical proof that effective communication is vital to patient’s safety? There is a correlation between effective patient communication.... Literature Review For many years, professional nurses have tried to link effective communication to positive patient feedback. Many articles written on this topic bring out varying importance of effective communication to the positive outcome of the patient. One article by Frankel identified that for a patient to show positive results, it was necessary for all parties to have an effective communication with each other. Nurses and caregivers have to understand the patients by involving them in various clinical procedures. Factors that influence communication were also identified. The key factor that was identified was the system that the entire hospital used. Some hospitals and healthcare facilities have large and complicated systems that make it hard for patients to effectively communicate with healthcare providers. The larger and more complex the system of the hospital, the harder it is for the patients to effectively communicate with the healthcare providers. Due to this factor, it is necessary for healthcare facilities to ensure that their systems are simple to understand and that the hospital or healthcare facility is organized into departments that allow effective communication between the patient and the caregiver. Another factor that influenced communication between the patient and their caregiver is the nature of the patient. There are patients who are hard to understand. They are complicated and in most cases would not communicate effectively with the caregiver. This is one of the major communication challenges that a caregiver might face. When faced with any hostile patient who is not willing to provide any useful information that may help in their case, it is common for errors to occur. Thus, nurses should ensure that they fully understand their

Thorstein Veblen Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Thorstein Veblen Paper - Essay Example In his first, famous book, the theory of Leisure Class, he coined the system of spending as being â€Å"conspicuous consumption†. He was intensely critical of businessperson concerning their greedy and the tendency of spending money for things, which are not even productive. Thorstein Veblen described the wealthy class using hyperbole and some humours in order to show hierocracies of people who are wealthy. This paper will try to analyze the impacts of economics that Thorstein Veblen has contributed to, in the field of the economics (Peil, 2009, p.121). Impact of Thorstein Veblen in the field of economics Veblen in the field of economics makes his readers aware of American small-scale, which was intensely competitive was giving its ways for the large-scale monopoly trusts. He further explained by emphasizing that the monopolistic practices administered prices, which meant that, there was a charge in what the traffic will bear; as well as, the limitations of producing high qual ity for the sake of raising the prices and maximizing the profits. However, the case of the emergence of the leisure class which led to wasteful as well as, conspicuous consumption for status. ... While technological knowledge to be the common stock that is held as well as, carried forward by the community collectively, but it is not a creative achievement of the individuals who are working in isolation of self-sufficiently (Veblen, 2004, p. 103). Veblen continued to argue that every new invention in addition to innovation comes in, to a given degree, which is made by individuals. However, he is a social individual because every change made must always be made by individuals who are immersed in a community plus exposing to disciplines of the group life because it runs in the community and all life are group life. Subsequently, welfares that are generated by the social wealth are substitutes to the material output; however, it is a necessary condition, which is suggested to be for the long-term developments of the material output (Krugman, 2009, p.124) The bonds of interaction may be fragile, while the human society may be at a lower level of development if there fails to be st ructures of the community as well as, trust. Technology knowledge has become a common theme that is used in economics today. However, the study shows that, in some states for example Kerala, which is in India, the social wealth provided a foundation for high standards of living but less Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. A similar notion that seemed to have the same meaning to that of Veblen was developed. The notion was all about the social structures of schools accumulations. The institution is that to be suitable for providing a reproductive foundation for the growth and accumulation, since social wealth is able to promote growth at the same time to be essential to dimensions of the quality life. He explains further by analyzing that when

Communication and Patient Safety Research Design Paper

Communication and Patient Safety Design - Research Paper Example The paper "Communication and Patient Safety Research Design" looks at how samples can be taken without any discrimination. The paper discusses various ways to collect and analyze data before coming up with a strong conclusion based on the research findings and results. The conclusion of this paper is very important to nurses and caregivers as they realize the importance of effective communication in the healthcare facility. Effective communication is vital to the safety of every patient and every nurse is aware of that. For a patient to have a positive outcome, nurses are expected to understand their problems and to effectively communicate with them, noting critical areas that mostly affect the patient. With communication, the nurse is able to identify problems and come up with various ways to solve the problems that the patient might have. It is, however, a common scenario to find that nurses do not provide effective communication to patients and, as a result, cause complications. M ost nurses believe that there is no mathematical proof to evidence that effective communication is vital to positive patient safety and as a result, end up ignoring this very important concept of communication. This paper critically analyzes a sample population of patients to come up with a statistical proof that effective communication is vital to a positive safety outcome from the patient. Is there a mathematical proof that effective communication is vital to patient’s safety? There is a correlation between effective patient communication.... Literature Review For many years, professional nurses have tried to link effective communication to positive patient feedback. Many articles written on this topic bring out varying importance of effective communication to the positive outcome of the patient. One article by Frankel identified that for a patient to show positive results, it was necessary for all parties to have an effective communication with each other. Nurses and caregivers have to understand the patients by involving them in various clinical procedures. Factors that influence communication were also identified. The key factor that was identified was the system that the entire hospital used. Some hospitals and healthcare facilities have large and complicated systems that make it hard for patients to effectively communicate with healthcare providers. The larger and more complex the system of the hospital, the harder it is for the patients to effectively communicate with the healthcare providers. Due to this factor, it is necessary for healthcare facilities to ensure that their systems are simple to understand and that the hospital or healthcare facility is organized into departments that allow effective communication between the patient and the caregiver. Another factor that influenced communication between the patient and their caregiver is the nature of the patient. There are patients who are hard to understand. They are complicated and in most cases would not communicate effectively with the caregiver. This is one of the major communication challenges that a caregiver might face. When faced with any hostile patient who is not willing to provide any useful information that may help in their case, it is common for errors to occur. Thus, nurses should ensure that they fully understand their

Strategic managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic managment - Essay Example In emergent strategy the organization evolves as it learns through experiences. Robin Hood’s group had advanced from the emergent strategy and in the second year his band grew. The increasing band size was of concern as the discipline became difficult to maintain and expenses did not commensurate with the loot. According to Cook and Macaulay (2007) as the team grows the focus of team effectiveness starts to dull. The new members do not share the same sense of understanding the purpose of the group and the mission, and the objectives are no longer clear and relevant. Strategic drift started occurring because Robin’s lieutenant’s resisted the idea of a transit tax on the travelers. Lorsch and Tierney (n.d.) contend that professionals develop their own perspectives irrespective of what the leaders might think. Looking through the lenses dissolves the dilemma in strategy (Scholes, 2005). The lenses are different ways of viewing the strategy development. In the Robin Hood case, the strategy has been viewed through the lens of experience. It is adaptation born through the political process. It cannot be through the lens of design as it was not planned or logical and it has not been perceived through the lens of ideas because it has not emerged from diversity or variety. It was out of a vengeance and conflict. Here the individual and collective experience is central and culture and history strongly influence the strategic thinking and choices. Strategy developed with time and there high chances of strategic drift, which has occurred in this case. Negotiation also influences the strategic direction when seen through this lens. Hence the analysis of this case shows that the experience element has determined the strategy. In times of strategic drift, organizations can either experience performance problems or opt for strategic management development programs. There is an increased commitment to strategic management and leads to

Visual arts Essay Example for Free

Visual arts Essay Visual arts which make use of unusual media and technique, such as collage or origami, tend to both benefit from and be challenged by the medium and technique involved. A viewer is apt to react first to the medium and technique and perhaps, because of this, thematic or expressive ideas may be perceived as secondary to the impact of a given work. For example, a piece from the Origami NOW! exhibition such as Eric Joisels Pangolin is very effective at eliciting a response of admiration and even surprise of wonder at the technique involved in sculpting (or more properly: folding) paper into the shape of a convincingly realistic animal form which suggests an armadillo. On the other hand, although the animal offers a meaningful gesture, as though it is eating or drinking, the overall impact of the piece fails to gain any truly expressive or meaningful energy. It is simply a technically admirable piece. By contrast, Joel Coopers Gemini, is a deeply expressive piece which evokes stone relief carvings in origami. The faces are, themselves, primitive and expressive, but the thematic impact of the piece is much deeper than the surface level facial expression of the pieces central figures. The piece derives important impact from its sub-text of transference: ancient stone to ephemeral paper, which makes a statement about human civilization and history and the ephemerality of human monuments, and arty itself, while simultaneously elevating the ephemerality of the medium and technique (origami) to a sympathetic relationship to ancient art and antiquity. Yet another piece, Spike Sphere, by Thomas Hull, straddles the line between expressiveness and technical precision without ever falling precisely on one side or another. In effect, Hulls piece is the most harmonious of those examples of origami on exhibition at PEM. The overt impact of Hulls piece is that of geometrical expressionism, using a complex geometrical shape to express theme. In my opinion, Hulls Spike Sphere is meant to represent no less than the entire human cosmos in a single figure of origami. I said human because the piece reflects a particularly human concept of wholeness as in other geometrical abstractions: globes, the atom, stars, galaxies and even some scientific models of the multi-verse. Hulls figure is spherical and colored like a budding flower, but spiked suggesting pain, danger, emotional response. This precise configuration of human emotion and abstract form, coupled with organic coloring and an holistic gesture elevates Hulls piece to the highest levels. This work is a masterpiece which reveals the origami, as a medium, embodies much more than the stunned admiration for technique and cleverness associated with folding paper creatively and expressively. Reference Anonymous, PEN. Origami Now! www. pwm. org, 2008. accessed 6-12-08 http://pem. org/exhibitions/exhibition. php? id=65

Environmental Impact Assessment for Airport Construction

Environmental Impact Assessment for Airport Construction This report is about the environmental impact assessment (EIA) for the evaluation and consideration of building a new airport for Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to replace the existing Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport Kuala Lumpur. The proposed new Kuala Lumpur International Airport is in Sepang, Selangor. This report is prepared by consultant group from Syaszee Co. appointed by the government for carrying out studies on the EIA for new airport projects in Malaysia. The report is following the Malaysian Government EIA guidelines and methodologies as described in the Environmental Assessment Requirements and Environmental Review Procedures of the Asian Development Bank (1993) and Environmental Guidelines for Selected Infrastructure Projects (1990). The preparation of this report consist of various discussion with the stakeholders, academicians, local government, policy maker and private consultants to give opinion and overview regarding the impact and viability of this new airport project. In order to proceed with the studies, various methods are being used to gather the information as follows: (i) review of available literature, (ii) meetings with National and local government officials, (iii) site visits to the new airport and surrounding areas, (iv) discussions with inhabitants near the site, (v) ambient noise and air quality and surface water quality sampling and testing in the field and in the laboratory, and (vi) application of professional knowledge and experience. The requirement of conducting the Environmental Impact Assessments in any project by the countries has been reflected in the: (i) Principle 17 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (ii) Article 5 of the Legal Principle for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development (iii) Principle of Environmental Impact Assessment developed under the UNEP. Besides that, an EIA generally includes the following aspects which are: Project definition Screening of the project and scoping of the assessment Stakeholder identification Identification and gathering of social and environmental baseline data Impact identification and analysis Development of mitigation and / or management measures and actions Public Disclosure (a) Project Definition Project definition is detailed description about the proposed project. It describes the existing airport facilities and its operation along with the proposed construction of new facilities and the plans for operation following the construction of the new facilities that are needed for the convenient of the users. The proposed facilities must meet the standard of the international airport requirement and can accommodate more aircraft at the airport. (b) Screening The project was reviewed against applicable legal requirements and government policy imposed to the development of new airport in Kuala Lumpur. The results are finally used to identify the impacts and any further assessments that need to take into consideration before proceed with the project. (c) Stakeholder Identification The appropriate organizations and individuals should been interviewed to identify environmental impacts. They were requested to identify any issues or concerns with the project, identify appropriate standards and identify further parties for consultation. For example, representatives from various department and agencies such as Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Information, Communication and Culture, Ministry of Works and Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water and Town Planning Department and Airport Authority. (d) Identification and Gathering of Social and Environmental Baseline Data Baseline data was gathered to describe the existing physical, biological and socio-economic conditions. The following technical studies were conducted to collect additional baseline data: Baseline Assessment establish baseline conditions and compliance with requirements Site Assessment establish nature and extent of contamination within the Project area Flora and Fauna Assessment identify any risks within the Project area and collect information to support the development of a wildlife and habitat management plan to reduce the risk of wildlife and aircraft interaction Hazardous Building Materials Assessment identify risks of hazardous building materials in the existing buildings Stormwater Considerations / Alternatives identify opportunities to improve existing drainage and accommodate additional drainage loads from the Expansion Project (e) Impact Identification and Analysis All potential risks and impacts will be documented and analysed. All phases of the project including design, construction, operations, and decommissioning will be considered. The following table is extracted from Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency as a guidance material on the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act to determine if an impact or risk is adverse or significant. Table 1. Factors in Determining Adverse Environmental Effects Changes in the Environment Effects on People Resulting from Environmental Changes Negative effects on the health including plants, animals, and fish. Negative effects on human health, well-being or quality of life Threat to rare or endangered species Increase in unemployment or shrinkage in the economy. Reductions in species diversity or disruption of food webs Reduction of the quality or quantity of recreational opportunities or amenities Loss of or damage to habitats, including habitat fragmentation. Detrimental change in the current use of lands and resources for traditional purposes by aboriginal persons. Discharges or release of persistent and/or toxic chemicals, microbiological agents, nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus), radiation, or thermal energy (e.g., cooling wastewater) Negative effects on historical, archaeological,  paleontological, or architectural resources Population declines, particularly in top visual  amenities (e.g., views) Decreased aesthetic appeal or changes in  predator, large, or long-lived species Loss of or damage to commercial species Loss of biodiversity The removal of resource materials (e.g., or  resources; peat, coal) from the environment Foreclosure of future resource use or production Transformation of natural landscapes Obstruction of migration or passage of wildlife Negative effects on the quality and/or quantity of the biophysical environment (e.g., surface water, groundwater, soil, land, and air) (f) Development of Mitigation and / or Management Measures and Actions The development of new airport basically already outline in the long term National Plan. The plans outlines things need to be consider including the environmental effects and impacts to the society. Besides that, the airport project is already assigned to the respective Ministry to appoint contractors responsible for building this mega project. All the plan outlines and progress report should be handled to the respective Ministry which is Ministry of Works and Ministry of Transport. Besides that, the contractor will be required to develop and implement an environmental management plan (EMP) in accordance with contract documents to ensure the mitigation outlined in this EIA is performed. An independent environmental consultant will be retained to perform regular site monitoring to ensure compliance with the contractors EMP and this EIA. Reports should be submitted to the monitoring committee set by the Government every month throughout the construction period. (g) Public Disclosure Once the project is completed, a public meeting will be held and advertised in local newspapers. Questions raised and the responses are welcome while the project os being evaluated by the authority or government. 2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN MALAYSIA The Malaysian EIA procedures are comparable to the National Environmental Policy Act 1969 (NEPA) model in the United States. The Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987 was gazetted as a project planning tool for new projects or the expansion of existing ones. Section 34A of the Environmental Quality (Amendment) Act 1985 requires anyone who intends to undertake a prescribed activity to first conduct a study to assess the likely environmental impacts that will occur from that activity and the mitigating measures that need to be undertaken. The Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (EIA) Order 1987 specifies some 19 categories of activities requiring EIA reports prior to implementation. The EIA procedure is shown in Figure 1. The project initiator will prescribed the activities that will be carried out during the construction of new Kuala Lumpur International Airport. Once it is completed, the report will be assessing by the re spective department before send to the Department of Environment (DOE) for further reviewing. If the DOE still need further information regarding the project, they will called for further assessment before proceed to the panels. After reviewing the report, if the panel satisfied with the report, they will request for detailed report which consists all the details about the airport project before the report is send to the approving authority. Once the Authority is satisfied and the government also satisfied, therefore the project will be initiated by the respective contractors. 2.1 EIA Procedures In July 1987, Malaysias Department of Environment (DOE) published the first edition of the Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines (hereafter EIA Guidelines). The EIA Guidelines state that: The aim of environmental impact assessment in Malaysia is to assess the overall impact on the environment of development projects proposed by the public and private sectors. To achieve this overall aim, the EIA Guidelines list the following five objectives of environmental impact assessment: To examine and select the best from the project options available; To identify and incorporate into the project plan appropriate abatement and mitigating measures; To predict residual environmental impacts; To determine the significance of the residual environmental impacts predicted; and To identify the environmental costs and benefits of the project to the community. 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT : NEW KUALA LUMPUR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (KLIA) Malaysia is one of the famous destinations to visits around the world. With the rapid economic growth and expansion of good facilities and also infrastructure has attracted many visitors and investors came to Malaysia. According to the Immigration Department of Malaysia, from January to November 2009 it is recorded that 25,575,774 foreigners had came to Malaysia. From January to June 2010 it is recorded that 11,868,103 visitors compared to the same period in 2009 which recorded only 11,346,444 people. As the number of visitors shows an increasing trend every year, therefore it is the right time for Malaysia to build new airport which can accommodate more air craft all over the world in order to equip with the demand and number of visitors came to Malaysia. As the project initiator, this paper will give appropriate guidelines that need to take into account before airport project can be taken off. All aspects and opinions from the government and publics are needed before the new airpor t can be built. Therefore, this report will discuss about the background, security measures and environmental impacts for the development of the new Kuala Lumpur International Airport. The purpose of this Environmental Impact Assessment Report as an evaluation and consideration of Malaysian government for the development of New Kuala Lumpur International Airport to replace the existing Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport Kuala Lumpur. Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport Kuala Lumpur is located in Subang Jaya which is 17.2 km from the Kuala Lumpur City. The airport started the operation on August 30, 1965. It had the longest runway with 3.7  km long, 45m wide and runway 15 33 in the Southeast Asia. The airport basically had three terminals which are Terminal 1 for international flights, Terminal 2 for Singapore KL shuttle flights by Singapore Airlines and Malaysia Airlines, and Terminal 3 for domestic flights. By the end of 1997, Subang Airport handled 15.8 million passengers. KLIA is proposed to develop in the area which is situated in Sepang, in the south area of state of Selangor. The proposed site spanning almost 100  km2 and it is built on a piece of agricultural land owned by the Government. The building of the new airport is already highlighted in 10th Malaysia Plan. The cost of building of the new airport is about RM8.5 billion or US$3.5 billion. It is expected that the new Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) can handle 35 million passengers and 1.2 tonnes of cargo a year and this figure is expected to increase in the future. Besides that, the wide area can accommodate and handle more international aircraft. The new airport or Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Sepang is strategically located to serves the need of people from the Klang Valley, Shah Alam, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor and Perak. Besides that, the development of Multimedia Super Corridor with the new township area such as Cyberjaya and Putrajaya as the Governments Office Centre will encourage more passengers using the facilities in the KLIA in Sepang. In order to improve the quality of services to attract more people using the KLIA, high speed train will be used for transporting passengers fr om KL Sentral to KLIA in more easier and convenient way. It is hopes with the proper plan and implementation of the development of new airport will encourage more people used the facilities in the new airport. Local and foreign expertise will be responsible for the development of new airport for Kuala Lumpur. The master plan of Kuala Lumpur International Airport involves constructing five runways and two terminals accompanied by two satellite terminals. Phase One of the development includes construction of one main terminal accompanied by one satellite terminal to accommodate 25 million passengers and dual full service runways. Under the implementation of Phase One, sixty contact piers, twenty remote parking bays with eighty aircraft parking positions, four maintenance hangars and fire stations will be built. Implementation of phase two and three will be expansions of the airport to include increasing number of passengers. As all three phases is completed, it is expected that the airport can handle 100 million passengers per annum. 4.0 ENVIRONEMNTAL ISSUES According to the Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines produce by International Finance Corporation from World Bank group, all projects that need to develop are required to follow these guidelines according to the policies and standards set by the organization. For the purpose of develop an airport project, the following environmental measures should taken into consideration. (i) Noise and vibrations (ii) Storm water and waste water (iii) Hazardous materials management (iv) Solid waste (v) Air emissions (vi) Energy and water consumption 4.1 Noise and vibrations Noise can be significant during the construction and development of the airport project. A widely used standard for measuring the noise is for LA10, the A-weighted level in decibels that is exceeded for 10% of the time. The noise measures standard usually relate to the impact on human being. Therefore, the most significant sources of noise and vibrations from airport operations are aircraft during the landing and takeoff (LTO) cycles. The noise also can come from ground operations equipment including aircraft taxiing, operation of ground support vehicles for example passenger buses, mobile lounges, fuel trucks, aircraft tugs, aircraft and baggage tractors, aircraft auxiliary power units (APUs) and aircraft engine testing activities in airports with aircraft maintenance activities. Other indirect sources of noise include ground vehicle traffic from access roads leading to the airport. In order to control the noise, preventive measure should be taken into consideration which is hardly depends on land-use planning and flight management activities. Recommended noise management practices that can be carried out are as follows: (i) Strategic location for airport development which is far away from the communities and residential and also business premises. Therefore, it will minimize the disturbance of the surrounding area. (ii) For aircraft landing and take off (LTO), the implementation of preferred procedures and routes is essential to minimize noise especially in noise-sensitive area. These procedures may include instructions on the use of descent profiles or noise preferential routes (NPRs), such as the continuous descent approach to avoid noise-sensitive areas, the use of Low Power / Low Drag (LPLD) procedure to fly the aircraft in a clean condition such as no flap or wheels deployed as long as possible to minimize airframe noise, and instructions on minimizing reverse thrust on landing. An alternative approach may include the dispersion of noise through equal use of multiple flight tracks as opposed to a preferential flight track. (iii) Restrictions of the nighttime and operation of aircraft activities should be controlled. (iv) Reducing noise in flight operations and activities or use the sound barriers and deflectors to eliminate and reduce noise. 4.2 Air Emissions Another source of pollution that is expected from the development of new airport is from the air. This pollution include combustion exhaust from aircraft during landing and takeoff and ground operation, from ground service vehicles, vapors from fuel storage and handling and emissions from local ground transportation activities servicing the airport. Other sources of emissions may include fuel combustion during fire training activities, combustion emissions from on-site electricity and heat generation systems and emissions from solid waste incineration activities. Therefore, in order to reduce the air emission pollution from the aircraft, various steps can be taken as follows: (i) Optimizing and improving the ground service infrastructure to reduce aircraft and ground vehicle movements (ii) Try to minimizing fugitive air emissions from jet kerosene and other fuel storage and handling activities. (iii) In fire-fighting drills, select the cleaner fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas to be used and choose firefighting drill locations and atmospheric conditions that best avoid short-term impacts to the air quality of nearby populated areas. (iv) The use of the incinerators can help reduce pollution. In controlling air emission pollution, incineration of wastes activities can be continued. 4.3 Stormwater and Wastewater Other preventive measures in reducing the pollution, effluents from rhe airport also need to be control. The effluents from airport operations basically consist of stormwater runoff from paved surfaces and sanitary wastewater from public and employee services and from airplanes. This situation happened can be associated with leaks and spills of oil, diesel, and jet fuels during operation and maintenance of ground service vehicles, and fuel storage and handling aircraft activities. Therefore, the proposed strategies to control the impacts associated with stormwater and wastewater are as follows: (i) Improve the drainage in strategic location that are potentially facing with the leaks and spills of chemicals and fuels problem such as fuel and chemical storage, transport and dispensing facilities, fire training areas, airplane maintenance hangars, and ground service vehicle maintenance facilities by using an oil / water separator to discharge from the surface. (ii) The managing of collection of sanitary sewage for aircraft and airport should be carried out efficiently in order to control the wastewater effluents. (iii) Monitoring of effluents is essential in order to avoid aircraft accidents. 4.4 Hazardous Materials Management The operations of any airport in the world will be facing with dangerous items or easily contaminated. These includes the storage and handling of fuels such as jet fuel, diesel, and gasoline primarily associated with aircraft fueling activities as well as with ground support vehicles. Fuels may be stored in aboveground or underground storage tanks and conveyed to dispensing locations via aboveground or underground piping systems that may be subject to accidental releases during transfer or leaks due to tank and piping containment failure. Hazardous materials which are dangerous to human health and environment should be managed efficiently in order to prevent accidental releases, fire, or explosions. Training in handling with the hazardous waste should be carried out more frequent as the preparation if something happened. The knowledge about the chemicals handling is a must for the operators. 4.5 Waste Management Basically, an International Airport will receive different types of aircraft landed in the airport. All these aircraft will produce waste that need to be handled by the airport operators. For instance, passengers in the commercial airports may produce solid, nonhazardous, waste food from food establishments, packaging materials from retail facilities, and paper, newspaper, and a variety of disposable food containers from offices and common passenger areas. Food waste from international flights is considered a potentially infectious material by some national jurisdictions. Some airlines may also dispose of pillows following the completion of every flight. Airport operations may also generate liquid or solid hazardous wastes such as used lubricating oils and solvents from aircraft and ground service vehicle maintenance. Recommended waste management strategies include: Encourage a recycling program or use biodegradable materials that will be dispose easily especially food container, plastic bags and so forth. Besides that the food waste can be use as agricultural fertilizer and animal feed. Airline crew members and cleaning operators can segregate all the waste by separating the collection through recycle program according to the characteristics such as papers, plastic and metallic container. Used pillows also can be recycled. The cleanliness and hygiene of food preparation is a must to avoid diseases. Food catering waste should be managed according to the rules and regulation set by the health organization in order to protect human being. 4.6 Energy and Water Consumption The operation of the airport may need significant levels of energy for running the machines, ventilation, space cooling and heating in terminals, lighting and the operation of luggage conveyance systems. Water consumption may depend on the types of passenger and airplane maintenance services offered and may include the operation of sanitary facilities for large numbers of transiting passengers or cleaning activities in general. Recommended strategies and methods for energy and water conservation are presented in the General EHS Guidelines. 5.0 COST BENEFIT ANALYSES Finally, before the construction of new Kuala Lumpur International Airport started, we also have to look at the cost benefit analysis. First, is to identify and take into consideration of all geographical impacts of the project without limitation of the surrounding areas. We have to consider the impact to the local community, other local community within the same state and finally other states in the country as describe in the figure below. (i) Internal Rates of Return It is expected by the development of new airport will give economic return to the country. By encouraging more investors and tourists throughout the world come to Malaysia, it is belief it will increase the demand for local industries especially in hotel and resorts, restaurants and so forth as the new interesting place to visit. A large postion of investment is required to develop this airport. Therefore, the margin rate of return also should be high. (ii) Economic Benefits The new airport also will give economic benefit to the country. According to economic analyst, the major benefits will be (i) incremental net visitor expenditures, (ii) time savings of passengers, and (iii) the value of foregone passenger and cargo traffic. Besides that, the cost savings in domestic aircraft operation and time landed in the airport will also included in the analysis. (iii) Project Costs The allocation of the project cost will be approved by the government. This cost should include (i) civil works, (ii) construction, (iii) equipment and its installation, and (iv) consulting engineering design and supervision. Besides that, the abatement cost also should take into consideration in order to reduce the pollution which will harm the community and human beings. (iv) Monitoring and Reporting Costs During the construction period, the monitoring process should be required in order to make sure that the construction of the airport is according to the schedule and the quality of the building is according to the world standard. Therefore, it will incur some cost that should be borne by the contractor. The minor cost of the equipment required for monitoring environmental impacts is also included in the project cost. (v) Nonquantified Environmental Impacts The construction of the new airport also will produce the non quantified environmental impacts from airport development and increased other development off-site, including noise pollution, air pollution, and surface water pollution, were considered marginal, and additional economic assessment. Therefore, as mentioned earlier, the abatement cost also should be included in the project cost. 5.0 CONCLUSION As a conclusion, the development of new Kuala Lumpur International Airport is one of the mega projects that government should initiated. Supports from all are needed in order to make sure that the project implementation is successful. However, various aspects especially in the environmental impacts need to be considered before the projects can be proceed. With the development of new airport in Kuala Lumpur it is expected that it will give more benefits to the country in respect of diplomatic relationship, economic improvement and rapid growth in all aspects of economy.

Alexander The Great Essay -- World History Biography Alexander Great

Few historical figures stand out in the same degree as that of Alexander the Great. He was a warrior by 16, a commander at age 18, and was crowned King of Macedon by the time he was 20 years old. He did things in his lifetime that others could only dream about. Alexander single-handedly changed the nature of the ancient world in just over a decade. There were many attributes that made Alexander â€Å"Great.† He was a brilliant strategist and an inspired leader; he led by example and was a conqueror at heart. In looking at his early childhood, accession to the throne, conquests, marriage, and death one can see why Alexander the Great is revered in historical contexts as one of the greatest figures of all time. Alexander was born in Pella, the capital of Macedon, on July 20, 356 B.C. He was the son of King Philip II and his fourth wife Olympias, an Epirote princess. Alexander was bred to be a warrior; his father was a great commander and king, and his mom’s second cousin, Pyrrhus of Epirus, was a celebrated general. So there were noteworthy examples of military genius on both sides of his family. As a child, Alexander’s mother would tell him stories of how he was a descendant to Achilles and Hercules. Achilles was his favorite hero growing up, as he read of his adventures in Homer’s Iliad. From an early age Alexander was practically raised by everyone but his parents. He was originally educated by a strict teacher named Leonidas. Alexander’s father wanted Alexander to become a great man, so he acquired the famous philosopher Aristotle to become his tutor. Aristotle trained him in rhetoric and literature, and stimulated his interest in medicine, science , and philosophy. Aristotle is credited for Alexander’s fasci... ... to develop a system of administration for his vast realm of power. Alexander the Great [database online], 22 October 2004. Accessed 21 May 2008. Available from http://www.hometheaterinfo.com/alexander_the_great.htm; Internet. Burke, Edmund, M. â€Å"Philip II and Alexander the Great,† Journal of Military Affairs (April 1983): 67-69. Heckel, Waldemar. The Wars of Alexander the Great. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2002. Heckel, Waldemar; Yardley, J.C. Alexander the Great. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2004. History of Western Civilization [database online], Edited by E.L. Skip Knox. Boise State University, 6 December 2002. Accessed 2 June 2008. Available from http://history.boisestate.edu/WESTCIV/alexander/15.html; Internet. Robinson, C.A. â€Å"The Extraordinary Ideas of Alexander the Great.† The American Historical Review 2 (January 1957): p. 53-72.

A Case Study About Google Essay

DECLARATION The work contained in this assignment is my own and that all materials and sources used have been acknowledged. I/We have not copied or colluded in part or in whole, or otherwise plagiarised the work of other students. This assignment has not been submitted for previous assessment in any other subject or to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other unit, module, degree or diploma of a university or any other institute, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text. I/We confirm that I/we have read, understood and followed the guidelines for assignment submission and presentation provided by the lecturer. I/We understand that this assignment may be retained on the database and used to make comparisons with other assignments in future. I/We have made a copy of my assignment This work may be photocopied and/or communicated for the purpose of identifying plagiarism. I/We give permission for a copy of this marked assignment to be retained by the faculty of Business Management for the purpose of course reviews by external examiners and to be used as a resource by Majan College. I/We understand that unauthorized late submission without a valid written extension will be marked as per the college policy mentioned in the students handbook page 18 section 18.5. Introduction Google was founded in 1995 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin and it was the first popular search engine in the world. They created this search engine so that users can find any website or document on the web based on keyword or exact searches. Google provides free services for their users. Other than the search engine, they can also search books on Google Book Search, news on Google News, videos on Google Video (YouTube) and maps on Google Maps Google has changed the way people look at and share information. This has made them a leading search engine on the web and a global technology leader. Back in the mid 90’s Brin and Page, Stanford University graduates, worked on developing this unique technology. Since then, Google has grown to become one of the most recognized brands in the world as well as one of the top Internet destinations. As of 2013, Google has 16800 employees working in more than 70 offices in more than 40 countries around the globe. Their headquarters is located in Mountain View, California, USA. Strategic management has many benefits to an organization. A company’s vision, mission and future goals are set from the strategic process. In addition, strategic management gives managers an advantage in allocating resources efficiently. Moreover, these strategies help give the firm a competitive advantage in the market. Statistics show that, on average, companies using strategic management are more successful. This assignment will aim to clarify the concept of strategic management in the global sense as well as focus on Google’s strategic management. In addition, the report will identify and explain the internal and external environmental analysis of Google. This means, PEST analysis, SWOT analysis and Porters Five Forces will be  explained in details. Literature Review Strategic management is defined as the process by which managers of the firm analyze the internal and external environments for the purpose of formulating strategies and allocating resources to develop a competitive advantage in an industry that allows for the successful achievement of organizational goals. Strategic management has an impact on initial goals, actions and recourses. Goals are set by managers to be completed within a certain period of time. Action plans must be clear to the group and they should start working on their targets accordingly. Recourses cannot be managed and allocated without proper understanding of goals and actions. Strategic decisions are taken by managers to help an organization reach its goals in the short term and long term development and future direction of the company. There are two processes that help the organization in evaluating their position in the market. Internal environment i.e. SWOT analysis (Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threa ts) is used to analyze the internal processes and structures of a business. Its implemented after the external environment (PEST analysis) are analyzed and clarified. External environment processes include the porter’s five forces that analyze the nature and extent of the competition within the industry. Macro environment are the changes in the industry in regards to political-legal, economic, technological, and social systems. Google’s business strategy has been proven to show that they follow the strategic management process and they are extremely successful at it. High brand value, high market share and complete control over the market show that Google’s business strategy should be a role model to all other companies. PEST Analysis of Google Inc. PEST analysis is used to determine the political, economical, social and technological factors in an external environment of an organization. These factors affect an organizations activities and performances. After researching Google’s macro economical factors using the PEST analysis model, the following was concluded: 1. Political Factors: Government stability is one of the major aspects in Google’s strategy. If the  market is stable, governments help businesses and so these businesses advertise more on Google, hence, benefitting Google. In addition, most of the governments do not have identified laws for online information sharing, thus, giving Google the opportunity to manipulate laws. However, China has created a barrier for Google by adding regulations that forbid Google from operating on their terms. For example, according to UKessays (2013), â€Å"Chinese Government launched a surveillance system called Golden Shield for monitoring civilian use of Internet.† On a positive note, most of the political factors affect Google negligibly. Some of these factors are taxation polices, employment laws and environment protection laws. 2. Economic Factors: Gross domestic products (GDP) have been on the rise since a very long time. They are increasing annually at the average rate of 3.20% reaching a high level of 17.20% at times. Countries like South Africa, India, China and United Kingdom have had increases in their GDP each year since the 70’s and this is a positive factor on Google. With the stable and continued growth of those countries, Google’s internal and external investments will always be high in numbers. Users search more; hence more advertisements are put on Google’s search engines. The amount of users around those counters can impact on Google positively and lead them to establish better services and more products for their users leading the it being a strength to Google economically. Interest rate can have a positive or negative impact on any organization. These impacts are decided depending on a company’s dealings. Google is a company that relies on investments, this means when interest rates i ncrease gradually in a country, Google benefits. In UK, the rate average is set to about 8.2%, in USA it stands at 6.1%, in South Africa at 13.3%, in India at 6.6% and in China at 6.4%. These numbers mean that companies in that region of the world will be able to take out loans and invest or support their company. The more companies have money, the more they will be willing to spend on advertisements; hence doing that through Google. This increases opportunities for Google in these markets. Inflation rate is a problem for the customers or buyers. However, companies benefit from it and it increases their overall income. In the past few years, USA, UK, India, China and South Africa have all recorded an average increase in  inflation rate of 2.5-9.5% annually. This means that raw materials in these countries are becoming more expensive every year. This causes the companies to increase the prices of their products and getting more cash out of it. This causes Google’s advertisements to increase as well as the number of clicks for each ad. The result is more profits for Google from these countries. 3. Technological Factors: In analyzing the technological factors affecting Google, the key aspects to consider are the level of basic infrastructure, rate of technological change, new discoveries and development, government spending on research, access to newest technology, technology incentives and technology legislations. Google is described as a technological company that helps innovate and improve the world with its new development. Technological factors play a major role in a company like Google and it is part of the company’s competitive strategy. Google is not only a search engine; it also provides many services, tools and products free of charge through www.google.com. Google’s IT infrastructure is a closely guarded secret because it is one of the company’s competitive advantages. Google has up to 450,000 servers spreads over at least 25 locations and it uses a customized version of Linux operating systems to give them control and flexibility in finding new discoveries. The success of Google is mainly due to its innovative concepts and technologies such as Pagerank in their search engine, Adwords as advertising system, AdSense program, Gmail, Google Spreadsheets & Docs, Google Map, Google Froogle, Google Analytics, Google Desktop, Google Earth, Google Gear, Google Page creator, Google groups, Google talk, Picasa and more. All these services and tools are proposed for free with the aim to make a users life easier, efficient, practical and entertaining. In order to remain the best in the field of technology, Google has bought a great number of start-up companies (131) that allows it to benefit from the dynamism and creativity that these companies bring. These companies range in variety of fields such as security, advertising, video, file sharing, shopping, mobile technology and many more. 4. Socio-Cultural Factors: Knowledge and information is a key factor of human development. Google is a  leader of society that is more and more global because its mission is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful to everyone. Socio-cultural factors for Google’s PEST analysis include traditions, values, societal trends, and society expectation of businesses. These society expectations can be grouped into: population demographic, income distribution, lifestyle change and level of education. Google is not limited to a certain demographic population; Google is a global company that offers global users with global services and global knowledge for free with only one condition of being connected to the Internet. Therefore there is no restriction on any specific demographic, culture or specific income distribution. This gives Google a very strong advantage in the market. Its tools are offered to everyone and hence anyone, anywhere in the world can advertise o n Google and increase their profits. Majority of third world countries that are prevailing with extreme poverty have access to Google through their mobile applications. Google’s culture is to offer users access to the world through a simple finger tap and this information offered by Google does not have a culture or a tradition to follow. This information can be good and helpful to one person while useless or offensive to others. This could be a negative aspect for Google. Google always strive to keep up with the social trends and lifestyle changes of its users in order to entertain and capture their attention with its services and tools while promoting customized advertisement. Google’s infrastructure is built to identifying its users’ trends and habits as well as the use of information to customize their search experiences with related results based on their habits and history. Google’s application memorizes all the data entered when searching for a something and saves personal information for 24 months. In reality, Google sells some information to advertising companies. Globalization of information has a negative impact on societies concerned about protecting their private data. Google has been highly criticized by Privacy International Association and accused of harmful acts towards people’s privacy. In the sense of politics, the preservation of information could lead to Google having better relationships with countries who do not like their privacy being violated; hence, more business and profits. In regards to social factors, Google’s tendency to sell out their customers may harm some of them. At the moment, Google is surviving, but the human race is  ever changing and if people are accepting the privacy violation now, they might not in the future. This could be a threat leading to a weakness in the future. Porters Five Forces for Google Inc. Porters five forces is a key model when trying to determine an organizations opportunities and threats. It is considered to be a tool when trying to analyze a company’s microeconomics. This is the internal affair related to an organization. The competition and power an organization has or can have in an industry. Porters’ five forces are heavily used when someone wants to buy a company and needs to understand the market in which the company operates. Supplier Power In this case, Google has an advantage as it operates regionally and has more than one supplier, if the relationship with one deteriorates the other can take its place. In addition, Google has eliminated competition by gaining the trust of Microsoft. All its tools are operated on its biggest competitor Microsoft systems. However, Microsoft and Apple could change their operating systems so that it does not support Google anymore leading to Google tools not working properly and causing a threat of forward integration. In this case, is it concluded that the supplier power is relatively low due to most of the information on the net being free. Barriers to Entry Niu, Zitong et al. (2012) defines the threats by explaining that in the search engine business, only hardware have switching costs while the service itself has absolutely no switch cost. In addition, Yahoo and Microsoft could stop using Google’s toolbars in their products and rather use their own. This and the fact that a better search engine could be developed and is not out of the question. However, all these negative aspects still do not change the high barriers to entry as all competitors in the market, especially Google, are in a very strong position financially. Competitive Rivalry In this type of rivalry, Zitong et al. (2012) mentions that brand identity can play a huge role in maximizing profits. Google has succeeded in this as their name â€Å"Google† has been added in dictionaries. Adding to advantages of Google, there are no defined government regulations as of yet and so  political environment can easily be manipulated to satisfy their wants. Yahoo and Microsoft are the only other major players and market shareholders. Hence, there is a rivalry between these three players. However, the UN or countries could start making trade restrictions to avoid having an oligarchy. Moreover, rivals in the search engine industry have similar technology and IT specialists in these companies and all around the world are always trying to improve search engine technologies in order to get ahead of the best, Google. Threat of Substitutes No switch costs and buyers preferences to the faster/more accurate search engines are two of the threats Google face. In addition, users are demanding more and better services for free to be loyal to Google. Advertisement revenues depend completely on number of clicks on a certain ad. If the number of loyal customers decreases, the total revenue decreases. Moreover, intelligent employees are rare in the market and losing one to the competition could affect Google negatively. However, these are all threats that are not able to affect Google because as of now all search engines have similar functions and are not considered a substitute product. Buyers Power According to Techwyse (2013), Google are the market shareholders. The pie chart below shows the market share as of July 2013. Graph 1: Search Engines Market Share/2011 The graph shows that Google have more than 75% of the market. In addition, Google is bringing to their users all their demands and for free. In this situation, however, the buying power is medium due to high demand on search engines and due to users relying heavily on search engines in their daily lives. SWOT Analysis of Google Inc. Strengths Google’s brand value stands at $55.317 million as of 2012 and they hold a high market share of 66% in the same year. These numbers, along with their various free services offered to customers, gives them a strong brand image that contributes to its strength. Google’s Strong financial position is shown in their yearly growth in revenues and cash flow. This strengthens  Google because it attracts investors to invest in the organization. In addition, they have many products that are also considered as an asset. The following graph shows the revenue growth of Google between 2003 and 2007: Graph 2: Google’s Revenue Growth Weaknesses On the other hand, in 2012 97% of Google’s revenues come from Advertisement. The lack of income diversification is considered as a weakness. Moreover, Google’s faces many lawsuits and the cost of dealing with those suits is a weakness. Oracle filed copyright infringement in 2010 and MastersObjects vs. Google in 2011 are some of these suits. These cause a decresase in the financial power of Google as well as reduce firm value. Opportunities Google practices forward and backward integration of companies. This means that Google buys out and adds companies to their portfolio. In 2011 alone, the added companies stand at around 25. Also, Google has a huge opportunity of taking over the mobile advertisement market and they have already started by buying out Motorola Mobility. Threats The high intensity of competition from Yahoo, Microsoft as well as traditional advertisement agencies like TV, radio and newspapers is considered as a threat to Google. In addition, Google could face the threat of being out casted by countries due to privacy issues. Conclusion All in all, Google has won countless awards, has maximized on profits, improved services, introduced new developments, eliminated most of the competition and dealt with their weaknesses. It is safe to say that Google’s business strategy is sophisticated but has come out with fruitful results. Although the world is not perfect, Google has more strengths and opportunities than threats and weaknesses. This is even proven on the Internet as someone has joked about Google by saying: â€Å"Only thing Google has failed to do, so far, is fail.† (N/A) References Blatstein, I.M. (2012). Strategic Planning: Predicting or Shaping the Future? Organization Development Journal, Vol. 30 Issues 2, pp. 32. Available at: http://www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/topics/strategic-management-planning.html#benefits (Accessed on 27 November 2013) StudyMode (2009). Business Analysis of Google Co. Available at: http://www.studymode.com/essays/Business-Analysis-Of-Google-Co-191594.htm (Accessed on 1 December 2013) Cox, M. Z., Daspit, J., McLaughlin, E. and Jones III, R.J. (2012). Strategic Management: Is It an Academic Discipline? Journal of Business Strategies, Vol. 29 Issue 1, pp. 27-28. 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